Ịchọgharị ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị maka ngwakọ

Ihe kachasị ngwa ngwa bụ ígwè. Dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ fastener, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta mgbanwe, ọdịiche na ngwa. Ịghọta ụdị ihe dị iche iche eji eme ihe nkedo dị oke mkpa maka ịhọrọ nke ziri ezi maka ngwa ngwa. Nke a bụ nkọwapụta nke ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa, ihe ndị ha mebere na ngwa a na-ahụkarị:

 

Ⅰ Carbon ígwè

Ihe mejupụtara: Carbon ígwè nwere isi ígwè nwere obere carbon (na-abụkarị ihe na-erughị 1.7%) na mgbe ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka manganese, silicon, ma ọ bụ sọlfọ.

 

akara ule: Carbon dị ala (dị nwayọọ) ígwè, ọkara-carbon ígwè, elu-carbon ígwè.

♦Igwe carbon dị ala, nke a makwaara dị ka igwe dị nro, nwere ọdịnaya carbon sitere na 0.10% ruo 0.30%. Low carbon ígwè dị mfe ịnakwere dị iche iche nhazi dị ka forging, ịgbado ọkụ na ọnwụ, na-ejikarị eme ka agbụ, rivets, bolts, aro, wdg Ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ nkịtị carbon structural steels na ụfọdụ elu-edu carbon structural steels. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-eji maka engineering structural akụkụ na-enweghị okpomọkụ ọgwụgwọ, na ụfọdụ na-eji maka n'ibu akụkụ na-achọ iyi iguzogide mgbe carbonization na ndị ọzọ okpomọkụ ọgwụgwọ.

 

♦Ọkara carbon ígwè bụ carbon ígwè nwere carbon ọdịnaya nke 0.25% ka 0.60%. Na mgbakwunye na carbon, ọ nwekwara ike ịnwe obere manganese (0.70% ruo 1.20%). Dị ka ngwaahịa àgwà, ọ na-ekewa n'ime nkịtị carbon structural ígwè na elu-edu carbon structural ígwè. Ọ nwere ezigbo ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na ịcha arụmọrụ, mana arụmọrụ ịgbado ọkụ adịghị mma. Ike na ike dị elu karịa nke obere carbon ígwè, ebe plasticity na ike dị ala karịa nke obere carbon ígwè. Ọkara carbon ígwè nwere ezi keukwu n'ibu Njirimara mgbe quenching na tempering. Ya mere, n'ụzọ dị iche iche na-eji ike ọkara, ọkara carbon ígwè na-ejikarị eme ihe. Na mgbakwunye na eji ya dị ka ihe ụlọ, a na-ejikwa ya na-emepụta akụkụ dị iche iche nke igwe.

 

♦Igwe carbon dị elu, nke a na-akpọkarị ígwè ọrụ, nwere ọdịnaya carbon sitere na 0.60% ruo 1.70% ma nwee ike sie ike na iwe ọkụ.

 

Isi ojiji & Ngwa: A na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ihe ngbochi ebumnuche izugbe dịkabolts, akụ,kposara, na studs. Ha na-enye ike dị mma ma na-akwụ ụgwọ. Enwere ike itinye ọgwụgwọ n'elu dị ka platin zinc iji melite nguzogide corrosion.

 

 

Ⅱ Igwe anaghị agba nchara

Ihe mejupụtara: Alloy nke ígwè, chromium (Chromium ọdịnaya 12% ruo 30%), na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka nickel, molybdenum, na nitrogen. Ọdịnaya chromium na-enye ezigbo nguzogide corrosion.

 

Chromium bụ isi ihe na-eme ka igwe anaghị agba nchara na-eguzogide corrosion. Mgbe ọdịnaya chromium dị na nchara ruru ihe dịka 1.2%, chromium na-emeghachi omume na oxygen na ihe na-emebi emebi na-emepụta ihe nkiri oxide dị ezigbo mkpa (ihe nkiri na-eme onwe ya) n'elu igwe, nke nwere ike igbochi mmebi nke matrix ígwè. Na mgbakwunye na chromium, ihe ndị a na-ejikarị alloying gụnyere nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, ọla kọpa, nitrogen, wdg iji mezuo ihe achọrọ nke nhazi igwe anaghị agba nchara na arụmọrụ maka ojiji dị iche iche.

 

Ụdị: Austenitic (dịka, 201, 304, 316), Martensitic (dịka, 410, 420), Ferritic (dịka, 430,446).

Isi ojiji & Ngwa: A na-eji ya na gburugburu ebe nguzogide corrosion dị oke mkpa, dị ka mmiri, kemikal, na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nri. Kwesịrị ekwesị maka ngwa okpomọkụ dị elu.

 

Igwe anaghị agba nchara agaghị eme ka corrosion, pitting, nchara ma ọ bụ iyi. Igwe anaghị agba nchara bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ndị siri ike n'etiti ihe igwe eji arụ ọrụ. N'ihi na igwe anaghị agba nchara nwere ezigbo nguzogide corrosion, ọ nwere ike idobe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke imepụta ihe nhazi ihe nrụnye kpamkpam. Igwe anaghị agba nchara nwere Chromium na-ejikọkwa ike igwe na elongation dị elu, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịhazi na imepụta ihe.

 

 

Ⅲ. Alloy Steel

Ihe mejupụtara: Nwere pasentị dị elu nke ihe ndị na-eke alloying (dịka ọmụmaatụ, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium) ma e jiri ya tụnyere carbon steel, nke na-eme ka njirimara dị ka ike, ike, na ike.

 

Ọ bụrụ na ọdịnaya chromium dị na nchara alloy ruru ihe dịka 12%, nnukwu chromium oxide ga-etolite n'elu igwe ahụ, na-eme mgbanwe mberede na nguzogide corrosion nke ígwè na mgbasa ozi oxidizing na imeziwanye ya nke ukwuu. Ihe ndị dị ka chromium, aluminum, na silicon nwere ike imeziwanye nguzogide oxidation na nguzogide corrosion nke ígwè na gas na-ekpo ọkụ dị elu, ma aluminom na silicon ga-emebi thermoplasticity nke ígwè. A na-ejikarị nickel na-emepụta ma na-eme ka ihe owuwu austenite guzosie ike, nke mere na ígwè nwere ike nweta ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ, nguzogide corrosion na ịrụ ọrụ nhazi. Molybdenum nwere ike ịfefe igwe anaghị agba nchara ngwa ngwa ma kwalite nguzogide corrosion ya na ngwọta nwere ion chloride na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-adịghị oxidizing.

 

akara ule: Dị ka ọdịnaya nke alloying ihe, ọ na-ekewa n'ime ala alloy ígwè (ọdịnaya 10%).

Isi ojiji & Ngwa: A na-eji ya na ngwa ngwa ike dị elu maka ụgbọ ala, ikuku ikuku, na ígwè ọrụ dị arọ, ebe a na-achọ ka ike dị ukwuu na nguzogide eyi.

 

Ⅳ Ọla kọpa

Ihe mejupụtara: ọla kọpa ma ọ bụ alloys dị ọcha nwere obere ọla ndị ọzọ dị ka tin (ọla kọpa) ma ọ bụ zinc (ọla).

 

Ọla kọpa, ọla nwere odo odo na-acha ọbara ọbara, nwere njupụta nke 8.92 g/cm3. Ebe mgbaze 1083.4 ± 0.2 ℃, ebe esi 2567 ℃. Ọla kọpa bụ otu n'ime ọla ndị mbụ mmadụ chọpụtara na otu n'ime ọla dị ọcha kacha mma. Ọ siri ike ntakịrị, siri ike nke ukwuu yana anaghị eyi ya. Ọ nwekwara ezigbo ductility. Ọ nwere ezigbo thermal na eletriki conductivity. Ọla kọpa na ụfọdụ alloys ya nwere ezigbo nguzogide corrosion ma kwụsie ike na ikuku akọrọ. Ma n'ikuku iru mmiri, enwere ike ịmepụta carbonate ọla kọpa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'elu ya, nke a na-akpọ verdigris. Ọ na-agbaze na nitric acid na sulfuric acid na-ekpo ọkụ, yana ntakịrị soluble na hydrochloric acid. Ọ na-adị mfe corroded site alkali.

 

Isi ojiji & Ngwa: Amara maka ọmarịcha ọkụ eletrik na nguzogide corrosion. A na-ejikarị eriri ọla kọpa na ọla mee ihe na njikọ eletrik na ngwa mmiri.

 

Ⅴ Aluminom

Ihe mejupụtara: Aluminom ma ọ bụ aluminum alloys dị ọcha, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ihe ndị dị ka ọla kọpa, magnesium, silicon, ma ọ bụ zinc.

 

Aluminom bụ ọla ọcha na-acha ọcha na-egbu maramara nke nwere njupụta nke 2.702 g / cm3, ebe agbaze nke 660.37 ℃, yana ebe esi 2467 ℃. Ọ nwere ezigbo thermal conductivity, eletriki conductivity na ductility. A na-akpọ aluminom ihe metal na-arụ ọrụ, mana ihe nkiri oxide dị oke ga-etolite n'elu ya na ikuku, na-egbochi ya ịnọgide na-emeghachi omume na oxygen na mmiri. Ọ nwere ike meghachi omume na ikuku oxygen na oke okpomọkụ iji hapụ oke okpomọkụ. Enwere ike itinye ụkpụrụ nke mmeghachi omume thermite na mmepụta, dị ka okporo ụzọ ígwè ịgbado ọkụ, mgbaze mgbaze, na ịme pyrotechnics ọdịnala.

 

Isi ojiji & Ngwa: Dị arọ ma na-eguzogide corrosion, na-eme ka ha dị mma maka ikuku ikuku, ụgbọ ala, na ngwa mmiri. A na-ejikwa aluminom fasteners na-ewu na ngwá electronic n'ihi na ha dị ala arọ na-abụghị magnetik Njirimara.

 

Ụkpụrụ

• ISO(International Organisation for Standardization): Na-enye ụkpụrụ mba ụwa na-emetụta ụwa niile.

• GB(Guobiao, China National Standard): Ụkpụrụ mba China.

• SITE(Deutsches Institut für Normung, German Institute for Standardization): ụkpụrụ German, nke a ghọtara nke ọma n'ụwa niile.

• AISI/SAE(American Iron and Steel Institute / Society of Automotive Engineers): Ụkpụrụ America, karịsịa maka ígwè.

• Ọ( Standards Industrial Japanese): Ụkpụrụ ndị Japan, nke a na-ejikarị na mba Eshia.

 

Ihe ọ bụla nwere uru nke aka ya ma họrọ ya dabere na ihe achọrọ nke ngwa ahụ, dị ka ike, nguzogide corrosion, okpomọkụ, na ọnụ ahịa. Ọ dị mkpa ịhọrọ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na ọkwa iji hụ na ihe nkedo na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na gburugburu ebe o bu n'obi.

 

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